Arithmotheoretic sum

Evaluate the limit:

$\ell= \lim_{n \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{m=1}^{n} n \pmod m$

Solution

$\begin{align*} \ell &=\lim_{n \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{m=1}^{n} n \pmod m \\ &= \lim_{n \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{m=1}^{n} \left ( n - m \left \lfloor \frac{n}{m} \right \rfloor \right ) \\ &=\lim_{n \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \left ( n^2 - \sum_{m=1}^{n} m \left \lfloor \frac{n}{m} \right \rfloor \right ) \\ &=1 - \lim_{n \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{m=1}^{n} \frac{m}{n} \left \lfloor \frac{n}{m} \right \rfloor \\ &= 1 - \int_{0}^{1} x \left \lfloor \frac{1}{x} \right \rfloor \, \mathrm{d}x \end{align*}$

However,

$\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{1} x \left \lfloor \frac{1}{x} \right \rfloor \, \mathrm{d}x &\overset{u=1/x}{=\! =\! =\! =\! =\!} \int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{\left \lfloor u \right \rfloor}{u^3} \, \mathrm{d}x \\ &=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \int_{n}^{n+1} \frac{n}{x^3} \, \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n \left ( \frac{1}{n^2} - \frac{1}{(n+1)^2} \right )\\ &= \frac{1}{2} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left ( \frac{1}{n} - \frac{n}{(n+1)^2} \right )\\ &= \frac{1}{2} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left ( \frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{n+1} + \frac{1}{(n+1)^2} \right )\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\cancelto{1}{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left ( \frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{n+1} \right )}+ \frac{1}{2} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(n+1)^2} \\ &=\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \\ &=\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \left ( \frac{\pi^2}{6} - 1 \right ) \\ &=\frac{\pi^2}{12} \end{align*}$

Hence

$\ell = 1 - \frac{\pi^2}{12}$

Arithmotheoretic sum

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